Comprises the spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features Essay

It involves the otherworldly, material, scholarly and passionate highlights of a general public and incorporates, notwithstanding expressions of the human experience and letters, the worth frameworks, conventions, methods of life and convictions of the general public. It additionally ingests from different societies and experiences changes with time, here and there helpful, some of the time backward. At the point when the word â€Å"culture† is referenced, we can consider numerous things as â€Å"cultural†, for example, language, clothings†¦ and so forth, since we characterize societies of better places. Be that as it may, culture is important to the point that it must be saved for a large number of years,and gave by one age to another. Culture is imperative to the point that it is more than its unmistakable obvious highlights, on the off chance that we stretches out this to the internal identity of an individual, to individuals inside a general public, further to the entire network, possibly we can discover a few answers by discovering how they are influenced by culture. Culture speaks to an entire network, to research how culture changes one’s inward qualities, we need to characterize some basic convictions, much the same as garments that has a few highlights that help recognize its social foundation. Individuals having the equivalent social foundation, as a rule, are probably going to carry on likewise, on the grounds that their instruction and religion foundation have additionally social components. The facts confirm that characters are diverse for everybody, except culture can influence individuals in a specific way since it gives a domain from which they acquire their qualities, particularly for kids at youthful age. For instance, chinese are commonly viewed as increasingly conscious yet the westerners are progressively receptive and blunt, their training style has assumed a significant job, in light of the fact that in Chinese culture youngsters need to figure out how to be formed and be well mannered and there is a halfway point among educators and understudies, while in western they will in general be dynamic to be valued by the instructors. Thusly individuals from various social foundations will have an assorted variety of ways communicating a similar goal. Culture is significant in light of the fact that it has a few qualities that are naturally fill in a person’s mind through a situation, which changes one’s deeds. Culture likewise assumes a significant job to the communications between individuals inside a network. At the point when a similar culture can cause similitudes of qualities, this can bond individuals with a similar culture together in light of the fact that they will feel good and simpler in light of the fact that it affirms their qualities. Then again, they may discover different societies odd in the event that they disregard social distinction. Culture can pull an individual closer, or further away to the dominant part, in this manner culture is essential to the correspondence organize in a general public also, maining the relationship among individuals. Since culture can shape imperceptible securities between individuals in the network, this can hold individuals with the equivalent social foundation together, passing on the qualities. This propogation of qualities is can not just transmit culture information and hold the relationship among individuals, it likewise develops a drawn out custom after a long time. Culture is fortified along these lines since it can give foundation and reference to its later ages of its capacity of keeping the drawn out custom, picking up the feeling of having a place of individuals with the nation of that culture. It is significant as far as the improvement of a network overall, as it structures social gatherings together which assist going with refined on starting with one age then onto the next one, keeping up the presence of some customary qualities. Culture contains components that influence one’s internal qualities other than simply outer attributes, which those qualities assume a significant job in as long as he can remember. The interchanges between individuals are additionally founded on culture somewhat and this structures social gatherings, passing social information on, developing a social status to a nation for quite a long time which individuals with the equivalent social foundation will discover them having a place.

Supply, Demand and Equilibrium Price Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gracefully, Demand and Equilibrium Price - Essay Example She sits idle yet permits the market powers to build the costs. Thusly the market request bend will move from D to D2. Another harmony will currently be framed as outcome where Supply bend meets D2 bend. At this stage the amount will be extraordinary than the underlying harmony amount requested will be 8000 and the costs will be more prominent $4.5 relying upon the quality of the market request. A portion of the expanded interest will be consumed by the expansion in cost and balance amount provided to the market will stay 8000 pies. This will bring about increment in income for Mrs. Sections of land and thusly the expansion the benefits. Consequently, Mrs. Sections of land will pick this alternative if different choices are not yielding preferable outcomes over this one as far as benefits and income. Be that as it may, by picking this choice her position will be defenseless over the long haul and she can hope to lose in the expansive point of view. Over the long haul, significant exp enses will urge rivalry to enter the market and take a portion of the piece of the pie by keeping costs lower than contenders. Accordingly, over the long haul, her amount provided will be under 8000, as charging significant expense will bring about piece of the overall industry being lost to buyers. Likewise, subsequently her deals may likewise encounter a negative pattern and she may miss out over the long haul by raising costs. As it were, after the underlying addition of expanded income followed by expanded, costs she may wind up welcoming a great deal of rivalry to the business and may miss out over the long haul. The cost of the pies will decrease and return to the typical balance cost of $4.5. Over the long haul, the harmony cost and amount will be diverse on the grounds that new organizations can enter the market, though in the short-run, no new firms can enter the market. Because of this since quite a while ago run impacts of this will be unique in relation to short run impa cts. Case 2: Mrs. Sections of land chooses to build flexibly to satisfy extra need Case 2: Mrs. Sections of land fulfills the Market Need In this choice assume, the underlying amount is again 8000, spoke to by the mark q1 on the chart at a spot where request and gracefully meet. In any case, so as to satisfy the need, Mr. Sections of land chooses to build the staff and thusly the flexibly. This will imply that there will be not increment in the cost yet the amount requested will presently ascend to q2, which is more noteworthy than 8000 pie. Over the long haul, her deals and cost will stay consistent relying upon the market pattern and relying upon the kind of rivalry that exist in the market. Be that as it may, since she is satisfying need there is no space for contenders to enter the market except if they concoct an uncommon item. In this manner, by picking this alternative she is demoralizing the opposition in the market which is going to keep her benefits and incomes consistent over the long haul additionally and she may keep on getting a charge out of the accomplishment over the long haul too. What's more, the bes t thing here is that she should impart benefits to nobody like she needs to do in the alternative 3. Here, over the long haul, no new organization can enter the market in light of the fact that there is no space in the market as Shelly Acres is working under the proficient states of both allocative and beneficial productivity subsequently over the long haul, there will be no other impact and short-run conditions will win. On the off chance that the

What Would a Recession Mean for You

What Would a Recession Mean for You What Would a Recession Mean for You? What Would a Recession Mean for You?If you arent prepared for an economic recession, you could end up losing your job without any kind of financial safety net to catch you.Have you heard rumblings that a new recession is on its way? If so, it’s something you’ll want to be ready for. And even a recession isn’t just around the bend, you’ll still want to be prepared when one inevitably shows up. Here’s what you need to know about how recessions work, and what you need to do in order to weather the next one that arrives.What is a recession?“A recession refers to the continued contraction of a countrys economy over a prolonged period of time, usually six months or more.” said Joe Bailey, Operations Manager at  My Trading Skills (@MyTradingSkills), a financial trading courses provider.“During a recession, consumption and demand for goods and services continue to gradually decline over a six month period. Unemployment, on the other hand, begins to rise as demand and consumpt ion fall. A fall in manufacturing, retail sales, and real GDP are also strong indicators that a country is in recession.”“Recessions are cyclical, so although there is never a set date that can be predicted, they are always just around the corner,” added financial analyst Dennis Shirshikov of  FitSmallBusiness.com (@FitSmallBiz).While there are many factors in the economy that can lead to a recession, Shirshikov pointed to an access of available credit as one of the main triggers. As an economy gains steam, credit gets easier to access. But at a certain point, it gets a little too easy.“This happens because times are good, so naturally, people get married, start businesses, buy houses, and spend a little more than they make. The money the one individual spends is the income of another individual, so income grows too. This leads to a sense of security that things are getting better and its ok to borrow and spend a little more,” said Shirshikov.“Just like no individual can borrow forever, the economy as a whole can have too much outstanding credit. First, a couple of people miss payments, then a couple declares bankruptcy, then a local business cant afford to stay open. Eventually, this cycle spreads and is known by economists as a cycle of deleveraging. In other words, the credit starts drying up, banks are less likely to lend, and people cant get access to more credit.”The most recent recession in the U.S. economy was a big one: The Great Recession lasted from 2007 to 2009 and brought down the global economy along with it. That recession was caused by the subprime mortgage crisisâ€"a massive overextension of credit, just like Shirshikov laid out.What would a new recession mean for you?Unless you’ve pulled a Ron Swanson and youve got millions of dollars in various precious metals and gemstones buried in around your propertyâ€"guarded by traps, no lessâ€"than a recession is likely going to leave you worse off. And the more financially unstable yo u are, the more likely that a recession will wreak havoc on your life.“The rising rates of unemployment are one of the major effects that recession has on the citizens,” explained Bailey. “High levels of unemployment mean more people are unable to meet their basic needs such as housing, food, clothes, and education. As a result, people lose their homes and their cars. Young graduates are unable to find jobs, and this completely throws off their careers. Businesses often experience a drop in profits, with many of them having to declare bankruptcy.“Another recession would increase homelessness, a profound housing crisis with home foreclosures and high rates of unemployment,” said Chad Dion Lassiter, MSW, Executive Director of  the Pennsylvania  Human Relations Commission. “Most recent college graduates would suffer as well under the pressure of attempting to balance looking for a job during a recession and paying back student loans.”And if you’re hoping that the effect s will be short-lasting, you probably won’t be so lucky. According to Ashvin Chheda, ChFC ®, CLU ®, President of  Opes One Advisors in Addison, Texas, you could be feeling the aftershocks from a coming recession for a long time afterward.“There could be mid to longer-term impacts on the average family,” said Chheda. For instance, early childhood education could be compromised, health care for families could be compromised, more specifically preventative care and/or vision/dental care. There could be housing implications (loss of home due to inability to pay the mortgage, downsizing of rental home/apartments are examples). There might be a longer-term delay or abandonment of college for older children. ““In many cases, there is a measurable shortfall to funding for retirement; retirement funding is a function of saving! Similarly, there could be an early hardship drawdown of retirement assets that will have to be replenished later. In more severe cases, there are impacts to the standard of nutrition for families due to a much more constrained budget.”“In essence,” he concluded, “the standard of living for families will be compromised due to loss or reduction of wages.”Finally, Dion Lassiter highlighted the psychological effects that recessions can have on many people, problems that all-too-often go unacknowledged. The factors he listed included “high rates of anxiety, hypertension, depression, mood disorders and the potential for maladaptive ways of coping under economic distress.”In summary: The effects of a recession can range from “not great” to “catastrophic.” It will depend on your individual situation: A reduction in retirement savings or going a year without a raise is one thing, losing a job or home is entirely another. But the more prepared you are, financially, the better you’ll be able to weather this time of uncertainty.How can you prepare?Even if you don’t think a recession is around the corner, you should still be planning for one to happen eventually. Economies can’t grow forever, which means that recessions are inevitable.“While economic recessions are few and far between, they do occur periodically and are part of economic cycles,” said Chheda. “Personal planning to mitigate the effects of a recession are important and every family should have a plan!First things first, you want to be prepared for the emergenciesâ€"not just from a recession, but from unexpected expenses like medical bills and car repairs. And if you want to be prepared for emergencies, the best way to do that is with … an emergency fund!“Set up an emergency fund,” urged Bailey, “and build it up to a point where it can be able to cover ones basic expenses for more than three months.” You can find more information in our blog post about how to start building an emergency fund.But your preparations shouldn’t stop there. Bailey also recommended that you pay down your debts, “as this will help you gradu ally reduce your monthly expenses.”“Besides savings and debt reduction,” added Shirshikov, “you should work to have an extra source of income. Whether its a side job, a hobby, or an independent role like real estate, having an option if something happens never hurts.“Finally, if you see your friends and neighbors taking on debt for new houses and parties, remember all of that needs to be repaid,” he added. “So move against the trend.While most solutions involve planning for the worst, you should also look at ways that you can prepare for the best. In other words, the more valuable you are as an employeeâ€"both in terms of work ethic and skill-setâ€"the less likely you are to feel the brunt of recession-aided layoffs.“There are other things that people should do to mitigate the impact of a recession which in many ways is tied to their ability to hold on to their employment,” said Chheda. “Investing in ones own education; career growth is important. Companies gener ally try to avoid laying-off their top talent, and if they do, those same individuals will find it easier to get re-hired.”“We cannot predict when a recession will occur,” concluded Bailey, “but everyday people can prepare adequately for one by building up a healthy emergency fund, finding more sources of income other than their main jobs, and paying down their current debts as much as possible before a recession begins to bite.”Is a new recession on the way?Recently, there has been a fair amount of ink and pixels spilled by national news organizations over the possibility of a recession in the near future. And these fears come with an extra level of worry: While the economy overall has recovered somewhat following the Great Recession, many of those gains haven’t extended to lower- and middle-class households.“Another recession would be more than devastating for our economy specifically for the middle and lower classesâ€"not to mention the permanent underclass that exp eriences deep povertyâ€"that would only further increase the rates of despair, hopelessness and a profound sense of nihilism,” said Dion Lassiter.“Many of the before mentioned are still trying to recover from the last recession that devastated them and rendered many of them the faces in the bottom of the well where capitalism increases opportunities for the oligarchs and the plutocrats and renders them non-persons and non-entities against the backdrop of the great wells of democracy,” he added.There are many different factors that could contribute to a recession, including interest rate hikes from the Federal Reserve and the Trump administration’s ongoing trade war with China. One indicator of recession, an economic phenomena known as an inverted yield curve (which we won’t explain here), has already come to pass.But as we said earlier in the piece: Even a recession doesn’t happen this year or next year or the year after that, one will happen eventually. And when it does , you’ll want to be ready. Otherwise, you could end up relying on short-term  no credit check loans  like  payday loans,  cash advances, and  title loans  to make ends meet.To learn more about managing your finances long-term, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:Building Your Financial Life: Budgeting for BeginnersSave More Money with These 40 Expert TipsFrom Budget to Baller: 6 Tips to Grow Your MoneySo You’ve Maxed out Your Credit Cards … Now What?Do you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsJoe Bailey is the Operations Manager at  My Trading Skills (@MyTradingSkills), a financial trading courses provider. His experience includes web development, UX and conversion rate optimization for both B2B and B2C.As President of  Opes One Advisors, Ashvin Chheda, ChFC, CLU, works closely with clients and focuses on customizing financial advice and strategies for each client’s unique needs. In addition, he holds the investment related Series 7, 63, and 66 licenses, the Registered Principal Series 24 license, and the Group 1 Life, Health and Disability insurance license. He is a Registered Representative Investment Advisor of Park Avenue Securities, Financial Representative of Guardian.Chad Dion Lassiter began serving as the Executive Director of  Pennsylvania  Human Relations Commission on May 24, 2018.   He is nationally recognized in the fields of American race relations and violence prevention among African-American males.   Prior to accepting his post at PHRC, Chad D. Lassiter was a Visiting Scholar at West Chester University in the Undergraduate School of Social Work and Lecturer at the University of Pennsylvania, where he was the 2008 recipient of the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Community Involvement Award. He is a former research fellow at the W.E.B. DuBois Collective Research Institute at the University of Pennsylvania Graduate Sc hool of Education, where he worked on two national research projects, P.L.A.A.Y. (Preventing Long Term Anger and Aggression in Youth) and H.I.P.P. (Health Information Providers and Promoters).  Mr. Lassiter received his Master’s Degree from the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Social Work, where he was the A. Phillip Randolph Award winner in 2001.Dennis Shirshikov is a Financial Analyst with  FitSmallBusiness.com (@FitSmallBiz). Dennis earned an MS with an emphasis in Financial Risk Modeling and spend most of his career working with startups. When not helping small businesses and teaching Economics to college students at CUNY Queens College.

Technology And Its Impact On Education - 904 Words

â€Å"Technology may empower, but to what end will that power be used?† said Levine in I Surf, Therefore I Am (224). The empowerment of technology simply comes down to the way it is used. More recently; however, the Internet has become some sort of replacement in the way students learn today. With the use of the Internet and little to no interaction with physical books, people can become uneducated rather easily. In today’s society, most everyone has access to the Internet; however, it is the way we use it that helps determine our success. Technology has advanced immensely throughout the past decade and will continue to do so. With these advancements taking place, educational programs are cutting down on books and upgrading their technology. By doing this, students are practically given a device with all of their favorite social media accounts right at their fingertips, which causes them to get distracted and not take advantage of their education. Education is important; I believe that is something the majority of humanity can agree on. According to Levine, now that school systems are getting more technologically advanced, the students have begun to surf the Internet; therefore, not reading or doing their work (223). Personally, I did not have this problem. I actually enjoyed reading and doing the work. However, several of my classmates did not feel the same way. In face, when we had group projects I would typically work on them by myself. Reason being, my classmates would gearShow MoreRelatedImpact of Technology on Ed ucation1146 Words   |  5 Pages------------------------------------------------- Positive Impact of Technology on Education Technology plays a very important role in the field of education, especially in this 21st century. In fact, computer technology has become easier for teachers to transfer knowledge and for students to obtain it. The use of technology has made the process of teaching and learning more convenient. Talking in a positive sense, the impact of technology on education has been extraordinary. Using Internet and computersRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Education802 Words   |  4 Pages The use of technology expanding broadly in different aspects of our lives and technology plays a significant role in modern society. The technology used globally and it impacts our lives daily for instant: government, businesses, schools, workplace, environment, and household. The technological evolution led humanity from the dark ages to enlightenment and agriculture to industrial. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the definition of technology means â€Å"the practical application of knowledgeRe ad MoreImpact Of Technology On Education829 Words   |  4 PagesImpact of Technology on Education The way we teach students in the modern classroom has massively changed throughout the years. One major changing factor is the development and use of technology. Before, classrooms were filled with paper, pencils, crayons, and all things needed to be completely hands on with our education. Now, most classrooms have replaced these things with tablets and laptops and smart boards that students get to spend all day staring at. Technology has the potentialRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology In Education1533 Words   |  7 Pagesof constructivism appear on the fringes of education, there is a polarizing argument about what place technology has in schools. Students are coming to school with computers in the form of phones, tablets, or laptops in their pockets and backpacks. Some schools are leading the charge with BYOD (bring your own device) or BYOT (bring your own technology) initiatives. However, there are still districts, schools, and teachers who will not allow technology i nto their classrooms. Many schools and teachersRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Education985 Words   |  4 Pagesthis decade, technology has significant influence in many areas of society especially for improving education, language acquisition, support learning, and it is a great way to access to information. In fact, nowadays students depend on their machine such as computers, laptops, mobile phone to study in the classroom or outside the class. In addition, they use the internet to communicate with teachers and to help them do research for information they need to do homework. Although, technology is a substantialRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Education2762 Words   |  12 Pages Technology advancement has really provided new platforms for various disciplines leading to great improvements in the education process. Furthermore, education has been thoroughly lightened as a result of technology being applied to education. Actually, technology can be thought of as the application the scientific knowledge and approaches for the different purposes and in this case, education approaches like learning and teaching. In almost two decade technological approaches have been done andRead MoreThe Impact of Technology on Education4413 Words   |  18 Pagesï » ¿The Impact of Technology on Education 16 Introduction Higher education is undergoing a radical shift from localized, teacher-centered, face-to-face courses to student-centered online and hybrid courses offered by global universities. The traditional delivery of education is being supplemented and replaced by digital education models. The proliferation of information on the Web, the proliferation of instructional systems vendors, and the burden on faculty to design hybrid courses threaten theRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Education And Education Essay1317 Words   |  6 Pages Education has evolved tremendously over the past centuries. From one room school houses, segregated schools, to public and private schools, forms of education and how we receive it are always changing. In the past decade, technology has become a large part of education and schooling. Views on types of schooling and education are changing rapidly. Videos and articles can be found all over the Internet on basically any subject you can think of. Much of todayâ €™s schooling is done through online classesRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Education1134 Words   |  5 Pagesfact that United States of America’s education program is a far stretch from futuristic in most districts; application of technology has undoubtedly showed itself to be a critical factor in most high performing schools. Technology not only improves the learning environment to better fit the student, but also offers previously inaccessible learning material to students. If seen as an investment by the schools for the benefit of the students, private technology assigned to each student would betterRead MoreImpact Of Technology On Education1404 Words   |  6 PagesWith the great advances in technology, one can accomplish many great feats, be it Virtual Reality, a backpack desktop computer and even smart watches. However, technology has influenced many other parts of our world including education. How has technology influenced education? How do the pupils re ceive an education? How does technology play a viable role in this process? I will specifically be focusing on how education in South Africa is affected by technology. Technology has played a valuable role

Colonial American Slavery Essay examples - 1458 Words

The study of slavery in the development of early America is an extremely complex, yet vitally important part of American History. There are hundreds of thousands of documents, debates, and historical studies available today. According to Ms. Goetz, the assistant professor of history at Rice University, who states, in The Southern Journal of History, that in addition to geographic and chronological diversity in the America’s, assessment of experiences of colonial slaves is extremely complex, â€Å"especially in the context of three European colonial powers, vigorous Indian groups, and free and enslaved blacks†(Goetz, 599). In studying the institution of slavery, careful investigation and analysis of the developing colonies, including their†¦show more content†¦Aside from the Spanish, who demanded direct control of Native American’s, Europeans quickly established trade relationships with Natives which consisted of manufactured goods for furs and labor. The customs of natives included many oral traditions used to pass on religion and ancestry, leaving much of their experience undocumented. Conflict between Native Americans and colonists resulted shortly after European settlement due to cultural differences and misunderstandings of tradition. One major misunderstanding between Indians and colonists was their different ideologies of slavery. For example, tribal practices of slavery are known to have existed prior to European contact, but the nature of the term differed greatly between the two cultures in contact. Natives used slavery among tribes in forms of religious tradition and ritual, as well as for criminal punishment and peace gestures. Not being economically inspired because of their very recent discovery of agriculture allowing subsistence farming, â€Å"Indians did not buy and sell captives in the pre-colonial era, although they sometimes exchanged enslaved Indians with other tribes in peace gestures or in exchange for their own members† (Seybert). Through their friendly trade relations, Europeans quickly introduced the idea of slaves as a commodity, along with an international market for labor to newly developed plantation economies, eventuallyShow MoreRelatedThe Rise of the Anti-Slavery Movement in the US Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the history of America, the struggle between white and black Americans is by the far the most complex and long standing issue. Beginning with first contact between white Europeans and Africans during the English colonial period, Africans were immediately labeled with terms including savage and heathen. During the Antebellum period, institution of chattel slavery in America certain ideas of what the black man’s role in society became widely known and accepted. Stereotype such as the SamboRead MoreThe Differences Between The Spanish And Colonial Economic System, And The Colonial State And Church Essay1209 Words   |  5 Pages do you believ e the previous statement to be true? Be sure to write about the colonial social structure, the colonial economic system, and the colonial state and church. Also, include bible verses to support your argument. Be sure to include two additional sources to support your claim. Honors please have four sources. WH 10 Ch. 17 Essay In the sixteenth century, both Spain and Portugal established enormous colonial empires around the world. Spain ruled most of South America and parts of CentralRead MoreThe History of African Americans: Slavery Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesThe history of African-Americans has been a paradox of incredible triumph in the face of tremendous human tragedy. African-American persons were shown much discrimination and were treated as second class citizens in the colonies during the development of the nation. The first set men, women, and children to work in the colonies were indentured servants, meaning they were only required to work for a set amount of years before they received their freedom. Then, in 1619 the first black AfricansRead MoreAmerican Slavery American Freedom By Edmond S. Morgan1196 Words   |  5 PagesIn his book, American Slavery American Freedom, the author Edmond S. Morgan informs us of the two strange births of American slavery and American freedom in the n ew colonial Virginia. In this read, we saw how the new colonial Virginia experience creates a strange enigma of early colonial freedom and slavery and how the growth of the two develops hand in hand. The title alone has the reader presuming the reading is focused primarily on American slavery, but to the contrary, it is not. In defenseRead MoreColonization Of The United States1097 Words   |  5 Pageschattel slavery, and globalization are the things that have truly shaped the United States. The first 13 colonies were founded upon the basis of settler colonialism, the growth of the nation was enabled by chattel slavery, and the rise of the country as a world power was brought about by Globalization. Despite all of this, one must take into consideration the repercussions of such rapid development. Globalization connected the US to other nations and allowed Settler Colonialism and Chattel Slavery toRead More The Origins of Chattel Slavery in Colonial North America Essay1579 Words   |  7 PagesThe Origins of Chattel Slavery in Colonial North America There have been many illuminating studies in the field of the origins of chattel slavery in Colonial North America. Alpert, 1970; Edmondson, 1976; Jordan, 1962: Ruchames, 1967; Starr, 1973, wrote seminal studies that did much to bring insight to the subject. Goetz, 2009; Mason, 2006; Smaje, 2002; Neeganagwedgin, 2012, presented evidence that have either reexamined old questions or used new methods and approaches to ask news questionsRead MoreMill Creek Entertainment Has Created The Film Series Up1160 Words   |  5 PagesMill Creek Entertainment has created the film series Up From Slavery which accounts the events of the Mid-Atlantic slave trade and the struggles of African slaves and their resistance of the institution. The episode 18th Century Colonial America and Slavery of the series specifically details the lives of North American slaves. Out of the 12 million slaves taken from Africa, only 500,000 came to North America. With government legislation insisting that every child o f a female slave becomes a slaveRead MoreSlavery in American Society: Impact and Evolution Essay1637 Words   |  7 PagesSlavery in American Society: Impact and evolution Slavery in American Society The controversies surrounding slavery have been established in many societies worldwide for centuries. In past generations, although slavery did exists and was tolerated, it was certainly very questionable,† ethicallyâ€Å". Today, the morality of such an act would not only be unimaginable, but would also be morally wrong. As things change over the course of history we seek to not only explain why things happen, butRead MoreSlavery Of Americ Past And Present1441 Words   |  6 PagesSlavery in America: Past and Present The significance of slavery and the slave trade in the 19th century was an economic engine driving colonial America. The Atlantic slave convey and their labors touched all corners of the world. Its complex existence greatly impacted social views, politics and many industries in colonial America, these effects would transcend that era. Frankly, its shadowy existence is still part of America today. This controversial part of America’s history is often unspokenRead MoreRacism - A History : The Color Of Money1063 Words   |  5 Pagesslave trade of Africans. It underscores how economics served as the driving force behind slavery. The documentary highlights that although slavery existed for several centuries prior to the slave trade, the concept of racism is rooted in the enslavement and exploitation of Africans for labor and capital gain. The documentary describes how the British’s development of the transatlantic slave trade for colonial America served as the catalyst f or racism, not the reverse. As Professor James Walvin, Professor

Lost, Alone but Free At Last Free Essays

‘Run, get into the house, QUICK!’ Hans Wenger shouted out to his family. They were being chased by the German Authorities. Not because they were criminals, but because they were Jews living in Nazi Germany, 1940. We will write a custom essay sample on Lost, Alone but Free At Last or any similar topic only for you Order Now They had been hiding from the authorities for almost a year. Hans’ family consisted of his wife Anneliese and their three children Leila, 11, Leopold, 9 and Greta, 8, they meant everything to Hans and he would sacrifice his own life to keep them safe. Once the family were safe inside the basement of the old abandoned house Hans sat on the edge of an ancient, mouldy sofa. Greta jumped up onto his knee with an innocent smile on her face. Just the way Hans liked it, his children not knowing how unsafe they were. ‘Daddy, why were those people trying to catch us? Are we in trouble? We always run away from them! Daddy, why?’ Hans’ face fell, Greta knew something was wrong. It was what he feared the most, and he knew he had to explain somehow. ‘Liebliag, you do know who Hitler is, yes?’ Hans looked at Greta, who was shaking her head, her little blonde curls bouncing, ‘well Greta, he is the leader of Germany, which means he gets to decide everything that happens in the country. But, Hitler doesn’t like Jews and he wants to make them all move to certain areas and work for him.’ Hans dreaded his little girls reply, his heart thumping he waited while watching her mind at work and her little face screwed up in thought. ‘Daddy, can’t we stop being Jewish because then we will be safe from Hitler and we wouldn’t have to work for him’ Greta’s face lit up as she said it, as though she had just discovered electricity. Hans felt his tears well up as he watched his daughter, oblivious to life and danger. After the children were all tucked up safely in bed, asleep with the faint sound of snoring, Hans and Anneliese looked on lovingly from the corner of the basement. ‘I would never be able to forgive myself if our children ended up being sent to a death camp, there would be no chance of us surviving as a family, and I’ve been thinking, and it pains me to say this, but we need to send them away to another country. They’re not safe here, and I cannot rest until I know that they are forever free from this danger.’ Hans was once again welling up, after saying it aloud, it seemed real as if he was going to lose his children, a thought too painful for him to even think about. ‘Liebliag, I think you’re right, they aren’t safe and they don’t deserve to be put through the torture of a death camp, they aren’t physically or emotionally strong enough, I think we should send them to England, it will be hard, but for the best.’ Anneliese by now was also fighting back the tears. Sat on the cold, hard floor arm in arm, rocking to and thro, both crying at the thought of the most painful goodbyes waiting for them in the future. The next morning, Hans and Anneliese told their children the news. His heart pounding against his chest, Hans prepared to break the silence, his children’s excited faces looking towards him. ‘Dad can we attend school again?’ Leila’s eyes glistening with hope that she was right and could be reunited with her education and friends. ‘Can we go to the shops on our own? There’s a new chocolate bar that I really want to try. The sweet shop down the road is selling them!’ Leopold asked excitement in his voice, as he was thinking about chocolate and outings to the sweet shop when he behaves well in school. ‘Are we going to be sent to a special part of Germany for the Jews, Daddy? I don’t want to work for Hitler!’ Eyes full to the brim with fear, Greta looked scared and vulnerable. She may have been the youngest, but she was definitely the most observant to her parents upset faces. Once again, Hans and Anneliese were sat arm in arm at the corner of the basement, looking at their children’s content faces, wondering what amazing dreams they were having about going on holiday for the first time. They were all excited when Hans broke the news, Anneliese sobbing next to him. They’d given up the fight to stay away from them. But it wasn’t good enough. They got caught. Now Anneliese and Hans were saying there last goodbyes to each other. Heartbreakingly painful, but it didn’t matter. There hearts had already been shattered beyond repair, when they had to say goodbye to there children Leila, Leopold and Greta. Hans and Anneliese were about to board different cattle trains and when they got off, they knew that everything was going to change, and nothing would be the same. Death camps. Even the thought sent shivers up they’re spines. They knew that they would never see each other again, which made it harder. But they got separated and pushed away from each other before they even had the chance to say goodbye. ‘This is it’ thought Anneliese, ‘I’ll just fight for survival, my children will see me again, they’re who matter. They deserve to be reunited with at least one parent, but Hans is a fighter he’ll fight for survival too.’ After a year at Ravensbrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ck Concentration Camp for Women, Anneliese’s strength had been replaced with weakness. She was now a shy women too scared to talk to anybody after her one and only friend at the camp Klara, died, she was crushed by machinery, as it happened the guards would let no one try and help. Anneliese had to do heavy labour work, from the break of dawn until the sunset at dusk. She got little sleep and ate just about nothing. All Anneliese could think about, no matter how hard she was working, was her children. So many questions were going through her mind. Had they all made the journey to Newquay, Cornwall by themselves? Was Greta still observant to everything around her? Was Leila being educated again? Was Leopold looking after his sisters? Had they learnt English? She thought about how grown up her children would look now, the girls beautiful and her little man handsome, like his father. But every time they were pictured in her head, she fought that little bit more, edging closer and closer to survival and freedom. Four painful years later, Anneliese won her battle. She had survived and she was going to go back to her house. When she got there, she wished she hadn’t. She was expecting there to be a few belongings in the basement she’d lived in with her family for so long. But nothing. The walls were now jet black, ash on the floor and just a few remnants of what had been there before. It was obvious that someone had set fire to the basement, most definitely the German Authorities, they knew Jews lived here. Anneliese was determined than ever to find her children in England. In England, Leila was sat indoors about to blow out the candles on the cake, it was her 16th birthday. There was no need for her to think of her wish. It had been the same wish for five years now and it wasn’t going to change until it came true. ‘I wish I could see my parents again’. There, she’d wished it once again. But Leila Wenger knew that if she wished hard enough then it would come true. After Leila had unwrapped her presents, she ran upstairs. She was able to read the letter that her mother had written before they left Germany. Leila – Open on your 16th birthday and not a day before Liebliag, this is the hardest letter I have ever had to write, but it’s to explain why you haven’t had me and your father in your life for so long. We have sent you to England because it was the only place that you would be truly safe. After you leave the country, your father and I will be sent to a concentration camp. This is because of our religion and Hitler the leader doesn’t think that Jews are worthy of living. Of course, we are, so never doubt your religion. I don’t know if we will ever see each other again, so I have enclosed photos, one of the whole family, one of you, Leopold and Greta and one of your father and I. Never forget us, because we will always be with you. Happy Birthday Liebliag! Ich liebe dich, dein Mutti After Leila had finished the letter she collapsed onto her bed in tears. She now knew that her wish would never come true, her parents were dead and she was the one that had to tell her little sister. How could she tell a 13 year old that her parents were dead? This wasn’t going to be easy, she had to be subtle. This was definitely the worst birthday Leila had ever had and she wasn’t happy about it. After an hour of crying into her pillow, Leila went downstairs as if everything was normal. ‘Victoria, please may I go out for a walk?’ Leila asked Victoria, the kind woman that took Leila and Greta in, and cared for them as if they were her own flesh and blood. ‘Yes of course Leila, but be sure to be back within an hour’ Victoria never liked Leila or Greta being outside for more than an hour at a time, there were still people that hated Germans and anything could happen out there. Leila went to the park and sat on the swings, just gathering up her thoughts and thinking about how to tell Greta about the letter. She supposed she ought to tell Victoria as well. It was such a bad day, and her wish is dead, along with her parents. As Leila made her way to the park gate she had no idea who else was in Newquay. The address said Beachfield Avenue, off Bank Street. Anneliese knew that she was close to seeing her children again. She just kept walking along Bank Street, past the bakers and a tasteful shoe shop. There, Anneliese stopped dead in her tracks. The sign on the side of the sweet shop had written on it Beachfield Avenue. Leopold must love living here, a sweet shop so near! She was on a mission, and that was to find her children. She walked at a fast pace along the road counting the numbers as she went 1.. 3.. 5.. she had a little while until she got to 31. As she walked along the road she started preparing what to say. What if her children didn’t recognise her? 27.. 29.. 31.. This was it. She was just about to walk up the steps to the front door when she turned around. There behind her was a pretty young girl, couldn’t be any more than 16, blonde hair, green eyes. ‘Excuse me.. but you, wouldn’t happen to know if.. three children lived here?’ Anneliese had never felt so nervous in her life, what if this was the wrong address. ‘Two girls and a boy?’ ‘I’m sorry, but do you mean Leila, Leopold and Greta?’ The mysterious girl was looking at Anneliese with interest, she had a German accent and there weren’t any of those around here. ‘Yes! Yes! Those are the children I’m looking for! Do you know where they are?’ Anneliese was now so excited she couldn’t help smiling, for first time in years and instantly Anneliese knew everything would be OK. ‘I do know exactly where all three are, but please what is your name?’ ‘My name? Well, it’s Anneliese Wenger. Why?’ ‘It’s me Mutti, Leila. I read your letter only 2 hours ago, I thought you were dead’ Leila was so happy, excited and joyful. She knew that if she wished hard enough it would come true. Her mother had come all this way to find them. ‘Please Mutti, come inside and meet Victoria, she’s the lady that’s been looking after us and Greta, she’ll be so happy to see you! She always talks about you and father!’ Leila was so excited about introducing her mother to Victoria. After a long day Anneliese, Leila, Greta and Victoria sat squashed on one sofa. Greta on her mothers lap, Leila clinging onto her arm and Victoria on the other side of Anneliese, the two of them talking like sisters. The moment was almost perfect. The only thing wrong with the moment was Anneliese had lost a husband and a son, while her children had lost a father and a brother. Hans Wenger died in 1943 at Auschwitz Concentration Camp Leopold Wenger died in 1940 during the journey to England due to poor hygiene How to cite Lost, Alone but Free At Last, Papers

Cyber Crime and Cyber Espionage-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Cyber Crime and Cyber Espionage. Answer: Introduction The aim of this report is to provide light on the topics cyber-crime and cyber-Espionage, which can be considered as the most vicious threat to the privacy and the security of an individual in this new era of technology. Cyber-crime and cyber-espionage both are illegal in the eyes of law and both are same in a way as both of them access to the data and information of the population without their authority or permission. However, one is done for personal profit (Cyber-crime), and the government for the benefits of the communities performs another (Cyber-Espionage). This report put emphasis on such intrusions and focuses on certain preventive measures, which can be implemented before and after the attack to protect personal information and data. How the intruders let, these intrusions have also been proposed in this report. Several examples of cyber-crime and cyber-espionage have also been proposed in this report to show that how much an individual, group of individual, an organization or common people be affected by such cyber-crimes. Cyber-Crime Cybercrime is defined as a crime in which a computer is the object of the crime (hacking, phishing, spamming) or is used as a tool to commit an offense (child pornography, hate crimes) (Mc Guire and Dowling 2013). Cybercriminals may use computer technology to access personal information, business trade secrets or use the internet for exploitive or malicious purposes. Criminals can also use computers for communication and document or data storage. Criminals who perform these illegal activities are often referred to as hackers. Cybercrime encompasses a wide range of activities, but these can generally be broken into two categories: Crimes, which target the computer networks or systems. These types of crimes include viruses and denial-of-service (DoS) attacks (Choo and 2013). Crimes that use computer networks to advance other criminal activities. These types of crimes include cyber-stalking, phishing and fraud or identity theft. Most Vicious Cyber-Crime around the Globe The Original Logic Bomb During the cold war in the year 1982,CIAfound a way to disrupt the operation of a Siberian gas pipeline of Russia without using traditional explosive devices likemissiles or bombs. Titan Rain Shawn Carpenter discovered a series of coordinated cyber raids, in what the FBI believed to originated from government-supported cells in China. Moonlight Maze Thiswas actually an accidental discovery, which was made by the US officials and was believed to be conceived by the Russians although they denied their involvement. In this big cyber-attack, the hackers targeted military maps and schematics. Epsilon Although, the targets of the hackers were email addresses that they can use for their criminal activities. This is the fourth biggest cyber-crime in history. In a result of this hacking the data-breach in Epsilon, which is the worlds largest provider of marketing and handling services, has an estimated damage cost that ranged from $225 million to $4 billion dollars. Why this Happens? Botnets and the Rise of the Zombies As with many other industries, up and coming economies, such as China in particular, has become a favored as target for cybercrime in 2015. One significant factor has been a growth in broadband adoption in the last year. In 2013, the Chinese Government announced plans to expand broadband coverage for both rural and urban areas by 2020 (Gray, Cinton and Rinehart 2013). One of the milestones for the multi-pronged strategy aimed to bring fixed broadband connections to 400 million Chinese households by 2015. In addition, prices have been kept low, as broadband speeds have increased. All of this make the country an attractive target for cybercriminals seeking to compromise a fresh source of high-speed, internet-connected computers (Zhang et al. 2012). Security threats Email threats and phishing campaigns Malware and ransomware Mobile malware Advanced Persistent Threats Cloud security Web and application vulnerabilities (Wang and lu 2013) Denial of Service (DoS) attacks leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT) Preventive Measures CEO fraud, or cyber-attacks on C-suite executives, will grow. Techniques such as spear phishing, where cybercriminals hook their victims with a malware-infected email that appears to be from a trusted individual or business, will increasingly be used in this kind of attack. The commoditization of the tools of cybercrime will also increase. Cybercriminals will look to build their businesses by swapping and selling stolen information and prewritten malware, or by offering their skills for hire, on the dark web. State-sponsored cyber espionage will become one of the hottest topics of 2017, as foreign cybercriminals redouble their efforts to digitally infiltrated government and related agencies both with and without the knowledge of their own governing bodies (Dunn Cavelty 2012). Ransomware will continue to pose a real threat. Cybercriminals will focus their efforts on organizations, like legal firms or doctors surgeries, which hold a goldmine of sensitive personal information but are often less secure than many government or private business databases. The paradox of protection will come to the fore. As people become more aware of cybercrime, many will attempt to protect themselves by taking their personal information and professional verification tools offline wherever possible. However, by reverting to offline methods, many individuals and organizations run the risk of leaving personal details vulnerable to being stolen from low-security storage and migrated online. Impact of Cyber-crime Fifty-one percent of people think that over the past five years it has become harder to stay safe and secure online than in the real world. Yet, 689 million people in 21 countries experienced cybercrime within the last year alone. The reason for this staggering number is simple. Most people do not take the right precautions to protect their digital lives (Saini, Rao and Panda 2012). While some are unaware of online dangers, others think it can be dealt with after it happens. The truth remains that cybercrime is evolving rapidly and affecting the daily and digital lives of people. Within the past year, cybercrime victims have spent $126 billion globally and lost 19.7 hours the time it would take to fly from New York City to Los Angeles four times dealing with cybercrime. The number of connected devices has exponentially grown in the last year and there is a constant need to be connected. In fact, people are willing to engage in risky online behaviour in order to access Wi-Fi. People are also known to share their passwords with friends, access financial information via unsecured Wi-Fi connections and click on suspicious links thereby increasing the vulnerability of their connected devices. Eighty percent of the consumers who took a compromising action in response to a potential phishing incident experienced negative consequences, including identify theft, money stolen from bank accounts, credit cards opened in their name and unauthorized apps installed on their device (Lewis and Baker 2013). Cyber-Espionage Cyber espionage or Cyber spying is the act of engaging in an attack or series of attacks that let an unauthorized user or users view classified material. These attacks are often subtle, amounting to nothing more than an unnoticed bit of code or process running in the background of a mainframe or personal workstation, and the target is usually a corporate or government entity (krekel, Adams and Bakos 2012). The goal is typically to acquire intellectual property or government secrets. Attacks can be motivated by greed or profit, and can be used in conjunction with a military operation or as an act of terrorism. Consequences can range from loss of competitive advantage to loss of materials, data, infrastructure, or loss of life. Examples of Cyber-Espionage In December of 2009, Google began to notice persistent cyber-attacks aimed at acquiring information specific to Gmail accounts. The accounts were held by Chinese human rights activists, and Google was not the only target. To the search engine giant's credit, they quickly informed at least 20 other companies that they too were being targeted through a vulnerability in Microsoft Internet Explorer (Nakashima 2013). Preventive measures were taken, and McAfee Labs identified the problem in early 2010 and code-named it Aurora. The Aurora attackers used targeted emails with malware sent to individuals who were judged as good targets because they were likely to have a high level of access to valuable intellectual property. The reaction to this act of cyber espionage varied around the world. Microsoft sent a security breach report and released a security patch. Some companies and governments also switched browsers to help safeguard against future attacks (Center 2013). Why this Happens? For years, corporations have attempted to seek advantages by prying into the business plans of their competitors. One tactic is to send in faux employees who attempt to gain access to data or projects where new technology is being developed. Technology provided an evolutionary path for this activity, and resulted in the birth of cyber spying. The faux employee is still a useful tactic, but now an unsecured workstation is far more attractive. An individual can use a USB stick to upload a worm or virus in a matter of seconds. The goal might be to identify and open a security portal or find an exploit that can be targeted later (Fidler 2013). Business websites can offer the same type of openings, and experienced hackers can use a vulnerable website to execute an attack. Emails that appear to be official may be sent to specific individuals with higher network privileges who could be lured into clicking a link that downloads code to enable later attacks. This type of attack is called spear phishing. Modern browser software is comprised of thousands of lines of code. New lines of code add new features as the software evolves. Sometimes new code, by chance or oversight (or lack thereof) breaks little-known features or works at-odds with security patches that have previously been effective. When a new feature or a new piece of software hits the market, it is analysed, dissected, and backward-engineered by countless individuals and interested parties around the world. Preventive measures While no way is guaranteed to eliminate all attacks, its usually recommended to companies and other organizations that they assess current security and procedures, evaluate risks and develop a security policy or policies that help address vulnerabilities. It may also be wise to define daily procedures and establish a response plan when an attack is detected. Procedures like backups, software and hardware updates, and other security updates should be followed, recorded, verified and audited for compliance. Procedures can also include a mobile device management policy (Skinner 2013). Staff and employees are typically the first line of defence, so educating company personnel is typically recommended. Employees should understand the importance of security protection, like rotating passwords and keeping company confidential information safe. They should also understand how to use company-approved virus and malware protection software. Informing personnel about viruses and malware is important and may help limit further breaches (Fidler 2013). When employees understand the potential for harm, they may be more likely to follow the company security policy, minimizing acts of non-compliance. Impact of Cyber Espionage For most daily Internet uses, the hidden world of international cyber espionage may seem too distant to be of any real importance. To most individual citizens, cyber espionage may not seem to influence their lives very much, but its costs on a nation-state are significant. The impact can vary significantly from monetary loss to physical infrastructure damage to civilian casualties, and the cost can range from insignificant to devastating (Lagazio, Sherif and Cushman 2014). In this section, we will first discuss the different impacts of cyber espionage and their costs on any given society, as well as explore ideas about how nation-state cyber espionage influences the future of international relations and national security. Cost is another factor for this situation. Although the amount and type of cost associated with cyber espionage can vary, in extreme cases it can be very high. When cyber-attacks are coupled with actual warfare, as in Russias preferred strategy, the loss of communication systems can severely restrict the victim nations ability to defend itself and its citizens. In this case, such an attack results in loss of property, infrastructure, and human life (Weissbrodt 2013). When Russia used this strategy on Estonia, Georgia, and Ukraine, the three victim countries lost much of their ability to defend them or to reach out and appeal to the outside world. Coupled with physical strikes, the cost on the victim state can be enormous. Conclusion Based on the above report it can be concluded that privacy and security of an individual is much more important in all aspect that is being destroyed or theft by government and the criminals both. Cyber-crimes are influencing globally now a days and lots of population are being influenced by such intrusions. This unauthorized access does not affect the individuals or the organization by collecting information but have power to affect them in the real world. This report mentioned how these virtual activities can harm the common population and the organizations in the real world and how big its impact could be. Cyber-espionage is no doubt beneficial for the community but the cost of this type of security is the private and secured information of the individuals, whom have the right to choose whom they want to reveal this information by law. Measures that are stated in the above report could help and individual from not being prey of any of the both activities. References: Center, M.I., 2013. Apt1: Exposing one of chinas cyber espionage units. Mandian. com. Choo, K.K.R. and Grabosky, P., 2013. Cyber crime. Dunn Cavelty, M., 2012. Cyber-security. Fidler, D.P., 2013. Economic Cyber Espionage and International Law: Controversies Involving Government Acquisition of Trade Secrets through Cyber Technologies. ASIL Insights, 17(10). Fidler, D.P., 2013. Economic Cyber Espionage and International Law: Controversies Involving Government Acquisition of Trade Secrets through Cyber Technologies. ASIL Insights, 17(10). Gray, D.C., Citron, D.K. and Rinehart, L.C., 2013. Fighting Cyber-Crime After United States v. Jones. Krekel, B., Adams, P. and Bakos, G., 2012. Occupying the Information High Ground: Chinese Capabilities for Computer Network Operations and Cyber Espionage Prepared for the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission by Northrop Grumman Corp. Lagazio, M., Sherif, N. and Cushman, M., 2014. A multi-level approach to understanding the impact of cyber crime on the financial sector. Computers Security, 45, pp.58-74. Lewis, J. and Baker, S., 2013. The economic impact of cybercrime and cyber espionage. McAfee. McGuire, M. and Dowling, S., 2013. Cyber crime: A review of the evidence. Summary of key findings and implications. Home Office Research report, 75. Nakashima, Ellen. "US Target of Massive Cyber-Espionage Campaign." Washington Post (2013). Saini, H., Rao, Y.S. and Panda, T.C., 2012. Cyber-crimes and their impacts: A review. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 2(2), pp.202-9. Skinner, C.P., 2013. An international law response to economic cyber espionage. Wang, W. and Lu, Z., 2013. Cyber security in the Smart Grid: Survey and challenges. Computer Networks, 57(5), pp.1344-1371. Weissbrodt, D., 2013. Cyber-conflict, Cyber-crime, and Cyber-espionage. Minn. J. Int'l L., 22, p.347. Zhang, Y., Xiao, Y., Ghaboosi, K., Zhang, J. and Deng, H., 2012. A survey of cyber crimes. Security and Communication Networks, 5(4), pp.422-437.

Battle Studies by John Mayer free essay sample

John Mayer. What do you think of when you hear his name? Beautiful Voice. Guitar. Pretty Boy. That’s what I think of. Ever since his hit â€Å"Daughters†, he has held every teenager’s (and some older women’s) heart in his hands. With his sultry voice and excellent lyrics, he can take the world by storm. And it helps that he’s actually kinda good looking. Or at least I think that. His new album, Battle Studies, just recently came out. I asked for it, because I’ve tended to like some of his songs, but I’ve never owned one of his albums. I immediately uploaded it onto my iPod. The first song that captured my attention was Half of My Heart, featuring Taylor Swift. Listening to it, I loved it. I’m a huge fan of Taylor, and enjoyed the song. Their voices together sounded great, and this was a great start for me. We will write a custom essay sample on Battle Studies by John Mayer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Next song is Heartbreak Warfare. It starts out sounding like one of those cell phone commercials, but his voice makes it seem more like a dream. Soon, the chorus comes, and it gets stuck in my head. Catchy. My favorite is Who Says. The video for this song is fun and makes you feel like you’re in New York City with him. Throughout the song, he asks why he can’t get stoned, or call up a girl he used to know. The chorus is slow and not much more exciting than the verses, but the song is soothing and fun to listen to. One of the faster and more upbeat songs on the album is Perfectly Lonely. It starts with some great guitar, and this sounds like a typical John Mayer song. His voice sounds great, and I want to hear what comes next in the song. Another upbeat song is Crossroads. There is just some guitar and drums in the song, and it sounds different than any other song on the album. After listening to the entire album, I realize this album is a mixture of Maroon 5, Taylor Swift and the John Mayer we all love. So, go out buy the album, and walk around New York City asking â€Å"who says you can’t get stoned and call up a girl you used to know?† You’ll never know what could happen.

How to Send SAT Subject Test Scores 7-Step Guide

How to Send SAT Subject Test Scores 7-Step Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips While you are studying diligently for all of your SAT Subject tests, you probably aren’t thinking too hard about how and when you are going to send out all those scores to your dream schools. I get it- taking the test is the hard part, and you want to focus your energy on that. To help you out, I’ll lay out everything you need to consider in terms of score-sending logistics and strategy: how to send SAT Subject test scores (with or without Score Choice), sending the four free reports you get with registration, special ordering circumstances, and how to cancel scores. It’s all in here! How to SendSAT Subject Test Scores, Step by Step I've createda step-by-step guide to sending SAT Subject test scores. I'll walk you through the complete process here, assuming you've already taken the tests. Then below I'llexplain how the process differs if you're trying to send your four free reports. Step 1:Log in to Your College Board Account Once you're logged into your account, scroll down to where your scores are displayed. To send scores, click the â€Å"Send Available Scores Now† button. Step 2: Confirm That You Want to Send Scores You will be greeted by this pop-up: Confirm that you want to send the additional reports, and you will be taken to the school choice page. Step 3: Select YourRecipients You can search by school name, city, or code. To add a school, click on it in the â€Å"All Available Recipients† search results list, then click â€Å"Add.† Then click â€Å"Continue† to finalize your selection. Step 4: Confirm Your Schools This will take you to the â€Å"Build Your Score Recipients† screen. From here, you can request additional free reports with a fee waiver, add more schools to your list of recipients, or use Score Choice to select the scores you want to send (or not send) in your score reports. To add more schools,click â€Å"Add Score Recipients† from the "Build your Score Recipients" screen. Step 5: Use a Fee Waiver If you have a fee waiver, click â€Å"I have a Fee Waiver† (in parentheses next to the number of free reports remaining, which might be 0). When you enter your waiver code, this will give you four additional free reports that you can sendat any time. Step 6: Score Choice To use Score Choice, click the â€Å"Choose Scores† button in the row with the desired recipient from the"Build your Score Recipients" screen. This will take you to the Score Choice page. You will have to agree to a disclaimer that Score Choice is allowed at the given school. Then, you will be able to uncheck any scores you do not want to include with your free score report. You have to include complete SAT I scores- you can’t pick and choose between sections. But you can select subject tests individually. As you can see, I’m an ancient crone who took SAT subject tests in 2008, and who did not study particularly hard for the French exam (sorry, Monsieur K!!) When your desired options are selected, hit â€Å"continue.† This will take you back to the â€Å"Build Your Score Recipients† page, where you can change score selections for other schools if you wish. Step 7: Review Your Order When everything on the â€Å"Build Your Score Recipients† page looks good, hit â€Å"continue† to proceed with the score-sending process.This will take you to the â€Å"Review Order,† page. Beyond thefour free reports that you get when you register for the exam, score reports costs $.25 per recipient. So four schools = four reports = $.25 x 4 = $45. Check the box to agree to the terms and conditions, and place your order! Then you will be able to return to the Main â€Å"My SAT† page. That's how you do it! Next, we'll touch on what's different when you send the four free reports you get with your registration. Free SAT Subject Test Score Reports The College Board kindly allows you to send four free score reports to schools with every test date, including SAT subject tests. There’s a catch, though- you have to send the scores sight unseen. This means you won’t see your scores for those subject tests before schools do. The College Board says that they do this to expedite the score-sending process. If you still have any of your four free score reports available to you, you will see this handy message on the main screen when you log in: To proceed from here, click â€Å"Send Scores When Available.† If you have past SAT test dates (Regular SAT or Subject Tests) you will see this handy pop-up: That’s right! You can send past scores with your free score reports. Even better, you can use Score Choice! So you can pick and choose which old scores to send to schools with your new ones. This is great if you already took the SAT and met your target score. It’s important to note that when you use your four free reports, you have to send all the scores from that date. This means that if you take multiple subject tests on the same day- and you probably will- you have to send all of those scores to your four free colleges. So you can’t send Literature to UCLA and Math 2 to University of Michigan; you have to send both to both. It is generally worthwhile to use your free reports if you can, because sending additional reports costs money. It might stress you out a little that you have to commit to sending your scores from that test date before you see them, but you can change or cancel what schools receive for your free reports up to nine days after you take the test. So if you feel confident that your scores will meet your targets, this is a reasonably safe bet.If you come out of the test feeling like it may not have gone well, you can always cancelsending those scores to your reach school. It’s worth noting that for any school that does not allow Score Choice, you might as well send them your free report, because you will have to send all scores when you apply anyway. These schools understand that everyone has less than stellar test dates, so don’t ruminate on it too much if you think you didn’t do your best on one of your subject tests from a given date. What about timing? If you’re taking subject tests as a junior, it’s not too early to send your scores if you would like to. Colleges will take it as a sign of interest to receive scores from you, and you can certainly re-take the subject tests if you need to. If you don’t re-take the tests, you might save a little money on the expensive application process if some of your schools already have your scores. Reach for the stars! Special Circumstances: Archived Scores and Rush Reporting There are couple circumstances in which you might have to pay some extra money to the College Board, our benevolent standardized testing dictators, to send SAT Subject test scores. You will have to pay extra if your scores have been â€Å"archived.† Scores are archived if you have graduated high school and your scores are a year or more older. In this case the College Board will charge you a fee of $31 to retrieve them, and then $.25 for each additional recipient. So if you want to send old scores to two schools, that’s $31 + $.25 = $42.25. If your scores are five years old or older, they will also send a note to the recipient saying that the scores may not be the best representation of your abilities. So sadly if I wanted to send my 2008 subject test scores I would have to pay an extra fee and have a special note sent with my scores. You will also have to pay extra if you want to rush-report your scores to recipients. You might do this if you are about to miss a deadline and you need to get scores out ASAP. Rush-reporting is supposed to get the scores to recipients within two business days of your request, which may or may not be faster than just sending them normally. The primary issue here is that some colleges only download newly received scores once every few days or once a week, so rushing the score may not actually lead to the college seeing your score any sooner.However, if you are down to the wire and at the height of desperation, you might want to rush them. Note that you can only do this for scores that have already been released, so, your unscored tests won’t get to recipients any faster if you rush. It costs $31 to rush one report, and then $.25 for each additional report (so if you rush three reports to three different schools, it will cost $31 + $.25 + $.25 to send all three reports). Finally, there are times when rush reporting is not available. (Right now, in fact!) So don’t order rush reports if the College Board says they aren’t available on their website, because they will just take your money and not deliver the scores in two days. Truly outstanding and helpful customer service, that. Next we'll talk about how to cancel your scores if you feel truly alarmed by your test performance. Canceling SAT Subject Test Scores Let’s say you panic in the middle of the exam and don’t finish the test on time, or another mishap occurs- it happens to most of us at some point or another. You know you didn’t do well on the test and you don’t even want to see your own scores, let alone let schools see them! You have two options: #1: Cancel Your Scores You can cancel your scores anytime up to :59 PM ET the Wednesday after you took your test(s). Note that unless you are canceling due to sudden illness or an equipment failure, this will cancel all of the tests you took that day- every subject! Importantly, it cannot be undone. When your scores are cancelled, they are gone forever! No school (or you) will ever see them, no matter if you had selected schools for your free score reports or not. #2: Cancel Your Score Reports You have up to nine days after you take the test(s) to cancel any free score reports you have on-order. You may want to do this if you think only one test went poorly. This way, you can still use the other subjects in Score Choice score reports later. Unfortunately, a tiny octopus does not wave farewell to your scores when they canceled. How To Cancel Your Scores If you decide to cancel at the test center, ask a test proctor for a â€Å"Request to Cancel† form. Fill it out and return to the proctor before you leave the testing center. If you decide to cancel after leaving the test center, download and fill out the form to request SAT score cancellation. You need to sign it, so you will need to get it to the College Board via fax or overnight mail. You can get more details on this process on the College Board page on score cancellation. You can cancel your scores for individual tests due to equipment failure (your CD player stops working, or your calculator dies) or for a sudden illness during the exam. In this case, only the score for that test is canceled; you can still get your scores for the other tests you took that day. To do this, you will need to report the equipment failure or illness during the exam. Then you will need to fill out a Request to Cancel form at the testing center, check the â€Å"Single Test: equipment failure† option (yes, even if you’re sick) and give it to a testing supervisor. They will sign it to validate that your equipment (or your body) failed you and your score for just that test will be canceled. But hopefully none of that will happen, everything will go smoothly, and you will send out all your score reports with confidence! Summary: SAT Subject Test Scores You will get four free score reports for every SAT subject test date you sign up for. You won’t see the scores before they get sent to school. Otherwise, additional score reports cost $.25 per report. You can use Score Choice on SAT subject tests, just like with the regular SAT.You can also rush-report or cancel scores if you need to, but both of those options should be carefully considered! What Now? You might also be wondering what a good SAT score is, anyways. Let us fill you in with this guide to what makes a good SAT Subject Test score. Aiming for top schools? Check out our article on SAT Subject Test Scores for the Ivy League. Or maybe you just want to know what the average score for each SAT Subject Test is. If you're taking the regular SAT anytime soon, you should definitely check out our complete guide to the new SAT. This will bring you up to speed on all the ins and outs of the new format, which was rolled out in March! Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below:

Assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Assignment 1 - Essay Example The first four chapter of New Testament Survey by Gromacki, Robert G explains that for one to have a good understanding of the New Testament, one should have knowledge of the last years which characterized Israel as a kingdom. In addition, questions which were not answered in the New Testament are pointed out to exist in the six centuries before Jesus Christ in the chapter. The chapter acts as a reference to the New Testament books in the bible as it relates various happenings that were missed by both the new and Old Testament. It gives a chart of intertestamental history that is extremely important for those who wishes to have a clear understanding of the New Testament. The chapters points out to the differences in how individuals view the new testament by fixing in different passages and harmonizing it to the reader. The chapters gives a clear historical context to the new testament as it lays individuals emphasis on different books that are needed for one to understand the new testament. Moreover, the chapters also have in them pictures and charts that give core emphasis to the facts presented by the New Testament. However, in my opinion, the first four chapters in New Testament Survey by Gromacki, Robert G are written in a conservative position as other individuals in the society do not take the same stand as the author of the book. The chapters are written in a fundamentalist position as the writings on the chapters are based on tradition rather than scholarship. The first four chapters discounts the synoptic gospels and other religious books like the Koran, thus the chapters does not take into consideration the views and beliefs of other scholars in the society who have an intention of reading the book. The chapters are also written to harmonize the gospels as the writings on the chapters are extensive. Therefore, it acts as study bible when the bible parts that are included and the chapters are

Human sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human sexuality - Essay Example Two basic forces of life drive differentiation, especially distinctiveness and togetherness. Individuality helps individuals to be themselves by creating their identities as they follow certain directions. It is fundamental to acknowledge that togetherness is an act of pushing oneself to other people’s directions making one part of a group. Individuality and togetherness have balanced and healthy expressions when fused together. These two important components of differentiation affect relationships in several dramatic ways especially by providing an individual with ability to maintain his self-sense when he is either physically or emotionally close to others. It becomes more challenging when the persons are closely important to the individual. During pressure, especially when there is intense lobbying for conformity from friends and family members, differentiation enables one to maintain his course and direction. A person who is not capable of undergoing emotional fusion is of ten labeled as emotionally fuse (Schnarch, 2009). Differentiation also provides an individual with the ability to maintain his self-sense during times when his or her partner is away especially during the early periods of a relationship. In as much as an individual values his contact with the partner, he must never allow himself to fall apart when alone. It is not similar to individualism because it provides one with the ability to find equilibrium between individuality and togetherness. A person who is differentiated is not only strong but also permeable. Regardless of manipulation and moldings from a partner, a differentiated individual can still afford to remain collected and calm. This individual would be able to change and retain his identity with admirable values and cores. However, differentiation should not be mistaken as the absence of emotions or feelings. One can easily connect with his partner without being afraid of his emotions. The solution entails conduct an effective subjective and objective evaluation of emotions. Additionally, differentiation is a type of self-determination that does not imply to any kind of selfishness. One can choose to be guided by self-interests of his partner at the expense of his own agenda. This does not mean that he is under rule from the other. A differentiated person recognizes the fact that people are different in nature and therefore have different interests. He must appreciate what these people want for themselves. Although, various ways of expressing love are evident, differentiation is a distinct way of articulating love. It is argued as a noble concept that one could partake. In couple’s therapy, differentiation can enable each partner to understand themselves in terms of both strengths and limitations and use constituting factors to enhance their marriage (Charlton & Yalom, 1997). Intimacy Intimacy is an experience that makes one aware that he is separate from his partner though he has parts and feelings that need sharing. It normally accompanies comm unication where each partner freely discloses personal information to the other. However, communication can exist without intimacy, especially in situations where people are engaged in verbal exchanges. Communication is not confined to absence of exchanges between couples because it entails any interaction that makes partners in marriage feel bad though this is poor communication. This implies that intimacy cannot be measured using communication if messages being

The Importance Of Tanzania Joining International Trade Economics Essay

The Importance Of Tanzania Joining International Trade Economics Essay The world has become dynamic which forces countries around the world to trade interchangeably. As any other country, Tanzania has seen the importance of joining international Trade by identifying ways and means of navigating through a viable and steady path towards competitive export-led growth for the realisation of the goal of poverty eradication. In order for Tanzania to grow it needed to increasingly engage in the global trading system and draw benefits from inclusive globalization, in particular higher economic growth and poverty reduction. Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction Tanzania is situated on the east coast of Africa. Tanzania which includes the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba became independent in 1961 with a per capita GNP of US$ 210 the economy is essentially dependent on agriculture. Tanzania is one of the worlds least developed countries. From independence in 1961 Tanzania followed a socialist model of economic development. This essentially non-market approach resulted in the nationalization of businesses and industries and the collectivization of agriculture. Over time the failures of this strategy became apparent as the economy stagnated and suffered significant setbacks. Since 1985 Tanzania has implemented a series of economic reforms but progress has been inconsistent. However since 1995 the pace of reform has accelerated and Tanzania has focused on macroeconomic stabilization and fiscal reform supported by international financial institutions. Tanzanias economic performance was expected to remain strong in 2008. GDP growth for 2008 was estimated at 7.5 per cent, up from 7.2 per cent in 2007 and an improvement between 2002-2006 period when the economy grew by an average of 6.0 per cent. Recent growth has mainly been attributed to construction, tourism and mining. Economic reforms have been key growth drivers and have transformed the economy from a relatively controlled one to one that is liberalized and market-driven. Inflation has remained in single digits and averaged 5.0 per cent per annum from 2000-2006 but shot up in 2008 and is expected to edge over 9 per cent  in 2008, as a result of the globally high food and fuel prices. The current account deficit was forecast to stay at  about 13 percent of GDP due to higher imports as a result of strong economic activities and a construction boom. Tanzanias main trading partners are the European Union, Japan, India, and Kenya. Tanzanias exports are primarily agricultural commodities such as Coffee Cashew nuts Tobacco Cotton constituting the largest sectors Imported products are as follow Machinery Transportation equipment Industrial raw materials Consumer goods constitute the major portion. Because of the decrease in agricultural production during the past few years, attributable to climatic conditions, food and foodstuffs imports have increased sharply. Tanzania is a net importer of services. Dar es Salaam is the commercial capital and major sea port for Tanzania Mainland and it serves neighboring land-locked countries of Malawi, Zambia, Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda, as well as Eastern DRC. Other sea ports include Zanzibar, Tanga, and Mtwara.   Because of its geographical and location advantage, Dar es Salaam Port presents itself as the gateway into East and Central Africa.  Furthermore, this renders Tanzania as a logical investment destination for investors. This indicates clearly that Tanzania can participate well in trade activities by integrating with other African Countries. 2.0 Statement of the Problem Tanzania Integration with Africa Trade Policy Framework 3.0 Objectives of the Study The objectives of the study are as follows: To indicate how Tanzania can integrate with African countries to be able to facilitate International Trade. To determine the major issues that can be improved to make Tanzania becoming the web of Africa in International Trade. African Trade Policy Framework Country firms are supposed to compete based on static comparative advantages, and free trade maximizes both national and international welfare. Perfect competition is assumed, market failures do not exist, and trade serves no other purpose other than that of efficient exchange of goods and services to maximize individual and collective welfare. In this world, the pattern of trade would be determined entirely by comparative costs whereby the most efficient producers would supply the worlds requirements and the market mechanism would be the sole determinant of prices. If free trade economists ruled the world, there would be no trade policy. This is because autonomous trade liberalization is unequivocally good for the liberalizing country leading ultimately to global free trade. In this world there would be no trade treaties, not trade negotiations and no World Trade Organization. Economic history shows that governments everywhere generally create and maintain distortions in the pattern of trade for reasons they consider more valid than the economists sole criterion of efficiency. Since the Second World War, trade policy has increasingly been dispersed at four major levels: By national governments Commodity-based cartels Regional blocks Multilateral institutions Often the politics of policy designs pulls in opposite directions. For example, while the multilateral arrangements (various General Agreements on Trade and Tariffs, GATT; and the recent World Trade Organization, WTO, rules) as well as the prescriptions under the Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP) by the World Bank and the IMF push hard towards free trade regimes, national politics often opts for protectionism. While multilateral rules via WTO encourage negotiated but complete liberalization, regional and national pressures are towards preferential and selective liberalization. What often emerges as the trade policies for individual countries are often the result of a balance (contestation) of power among the competing power blocks domestic politics due to interest group pressure versus external demands tied to external obligations to regional arrangements and international institutions. The policy content, in recognition of the tension, tries to marry both the economic and poli tical arguments. Trade policy in Africa has been no exception to these tensions between economics and politics. Though with differences in scope and intensity, trade policies in most African countries have generally followed a discernible pattern marked by the prevalence of restrictions on trade. Tanzania Trade Policy Framework Policy is a statement of intent for achieving an objective. Deliberate statement aimed at achieving specific objective policies are formulated by the Government in order to provide a guideline in attaining certain objectives for the benefit of the people VISION, MISSION AND OBJECTIVES OF TRADE POLICY This trade policy responds to and builds upon the internal economic reforms that have been under implementation since the mid 1980s, and to unfolding events in the international economic scene. These developments call for a systematic and consistent approach in the application and use of trade policy instruments in the process of building a competitive economy and striving for higher rates of growth. From the internal perspective, the policy draws upon the primary goal of the National Development Vision 2025, emphasising on poverty reduction and its ultimate eradication. In order to address the problem of poverty, it is necessary to attain and sustain a minimum GDP growth rate of 7% which in turn requires a minimum rate of 14% for trade growth. This highlights the importance of the international dimension in trade expansion strategies. Hence, from the international perspective, the policy draws upon unfolding changes in the MTS and emerging opportunities which can contribute immensely to the process of attaining and sustaining the high rates of economic growth that underpin strategies for poverty eradication. 3.1 TRADE POLICY VISION The role of the trade sector towards the realization of the national goal of poverty eradication will be attained through the structural transformation of the economy and enhanced productivity that will in turn contribute to the process of international competitiveness and lead to rapid economic growth. Vision is: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to transform the economy from a supply constrained one into a competitive export-led entity responsive to enhanced domestic integration and wider participation in the global economy through national trade liberalization. 3.2 MISSION Trade is not an end in itself but a means for achieving higher welfare to society, than would be possible without trade. The function of the trade sector, therefore, is to integrate the Tanzanian economy into the global economy through trade. This entails structural transformation of the national economy, and product/market diversification. Indeed, to sustain an economic growth rate above the 7% necessary for the achievement of the goals of National Development Vision 2025 depends on developing a modern export-led economy. High volumes of exports are necessary to achieve the goals of Vision 2025. Sustaining a high growth rate is a necessary but not sufficient condition for poverty eradication. Growth has to be complemented by broad-based equal opportunity of access to the primary assets of production land, education and finance for such growth to be translated into poverty eradication. The mission of the trade sector is therefore to: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦stimulate the development and gro wth of trade through enhancing competitiveness aiming at rapid socio-economic development. OBJECTIVES In accordance with the National Development Vision 2025, the goal of trade policy is that of raising efficiency and widening linkages in domestic production and building a diversified competitive export sector as the means of stimulating higher rates of growth and development. Five specific objectives emanate from and reflect this goal. The first specific objective is to stimulate a process of trade development as the means of triggering higher performance and capacity to withstand intensifying competition within the domestic market. This includes the establishment of improved physical market-place infrastructure and stimulating dissemination of market information and increasing access to the market. The second objective involves economic transformation towards an integrated, diversified and competitive entity capable of participating effectively in the MTS. The third objective entails the stimulation and encouragement of value-adding activities on primary exports as a means of increasing national earnings and income flows even on the basis of existing output levels. Fourth is the stimulation of investment flows into export oriented areas in which Tanzania has comparative advantages as a strategy for inducing the introduction of technology and innovation into production systems as the basis for economic competitiveness. The fifth objective is the attainment and maintenance of long-term current account balance and balance of payments through effective utilization of complementarities in regional and international trading arrangements as a means of increasing exports combined with initiatives for higher efficiency in the utilization of imports. The ultimate target is to enhance income generation and the peoples meaning power at the grass-roots level as the key to poverty reduction in fulfillment of the fundamental human right of equal opportunity for all citizens as enshrined in the constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania. CONSTRAINTS AND CHALLENGES FOR TRADE POLICY Tanzanias trade performance within a shrinking domestic market, in an increasingly liberalising economy that is converging with a deepening global market, is a source of concern. The essence of impediments against the growth and expansion of Tanzanian trade flow lies in supply-side constraints. The success of the envisaged trade development strategies depends on prioritising the implementation of measures addressing the totality of supply-side constraints. These constraints extend across the entire commodity/product value chains from production through processing and delivery to the consumer and encompass the full range of supporting services involved From the perspective of globalisation the same constraints assume the feature of two fundamental requirements: the need for raising the private sectors capacity to compete; and ensuring that benefits from the unfolding opportunities are accessible to broader segments of the society. Successful resolution of these demanding multidimensional constraints depends on prior determination of fundamental premises underpinning the development of production capacities including increasing access to the means of production and inherent challenges. The major fundamental premises and challenges include: establishing and sustaining an enabling business environment; development of hard and soft infrastructure; building capacity for market supporting institutions; creating the internal ability to participate in and influence changes in the world trading system; and promotion of private sector development in the context of supply-side capacity. ENABLING POLICY ENVIRONMENT The fundamental role of government is in providing the enabling policy environment that will facilitate the private sector in becoming the engine of economic activity and growth through efficiency and better performance. The Tanzanian Government is already implementing a policy entailing its withdrawal from direct involvement in economic activity to facilitate channelling of its resources in the conventional area of establishing and maintaining a conducive and enabling policy environment. Four categories of measures are involved in the process of creating an enabling environment: good governance; stability of the macro-economic framework; legal and regulatory framework reforms; and efficient economic regulation and competition policy. Good Governance Constraints and Challenges Good governance is a pre-condition for development entailing the existence of a combination of tangible and intangible attributes and functions of the government machinery. The intangible attributes refer to the well functioning of the state coupled with the institutional capacity to: maintain peace, law and order; create an atmosphere of tranquillity and confidence for investment; ensure individual liberty and equality before the law; ensure security of property and fair delivery of commercial justice; and provide adequate checks and balances in the exercise of power including transparency and predictability in public decision-making. For example the ongoing socio-political and economic reforms including broadening popular participation of the people in economic and political processes, and entrenching security of people are intended to enhance good governance. Likewise, major public and private sector investments in social and physical infrastructure aim at strengthening the capacity for efficient delivery of services necessary for competitive economic activities. However, its efficiency is hampered by a weak institutional framework for enforcement and execution. Strategy The Government is continuing with the implementation of measures aimed at strengthening its capacity to maintain good governance as its cardinal mandate including promotion of self-regulation through introduction of codes of conduct. Other measures will include extensive public awareness campaigns and moral persuasion targeting public and private sector active involvement and participation in good governance. Macro-economic Policy Environment Constraints and Challenges One of the prerogatives for attaining and sustaining high rates of economic growth is the establishment of an attractive, stable and predictable macro-economic environment for increased flow of investment and trade. This rests on the implementation of appropriate monetary and fiscal policies such as lowering and controlling inflation and the stabilization of interest and exchange rate Also it requires increased liberalisation of the operations of the financial, commodity and labour markets. In the sociopolitical sphere the observance of good governance, maintenance of peace, the rule of law and enhanced efficiency in the delivery of goods and services are of paramount importance. Strategy The Government will continue with the implementation of measures aimed at sustaining a conducive macroeconomic policy environment in its entirety as the basic condition for stimulating economic growth through increased investment and trade expansion. The Government will continue to strengthen its institutional and supervisory capacity for this purpose. This entails building a national consensus on the direction of fundamental macro economic policy variables combined with a deliberate change in the culture of government service towards increasing responsiveness to the needs of the business community. Legal and Regulatory Framework Constraints and Challenges The establishment of an enabling business environment entails a process of continuous adjustment of the legal and regulatory framework impacting on the performance of the business sector. Despite economic reforms sustained since the mid-eighties, there are still residual impediments that lead to high transaction costs. This discourages the inflow of foreign and domestic investment and hinders efficient trade sector performance. The envisaged legal and regulatory reforms seek to lower transaction costs, enhance business compliance and improve efficiency and competitiveness. The ultimate objective of legal and regulatory reforms is to protect the interests of consumers through enhancing the capacity of government institutions to perform their regulatory functions efficiently and by maintaining regulations only where they are necessary for this objective. Strategy The Government is expediting measures to stimulate international competitiveness through: (a) Reduction of unnecessary bureaucratic procedures that lead to high transaction costs for the business sector; (b) Facilitating and encouraging the development of private sector capacity to participate more effectively in the process of better regulation through public-private sector partnerships and improved advocacy. (c) Expediting the establishment of market-supporting institutions in the area of better regulation to ensure co-ordinated legal and regulatory reforms and improvement of commercial justice delivery. Economic Regulation and Competition Policy Constraints and Challenges Competition policy addresses the problem of concentration of economic power that can arise from market imperfections, monopolistic behavior in economic activities and consequent restrictive business practices. Restrictive business practices primarily affect the consumer through either higher prices and unacceptable quality standards or limitations on the availability of goods and services. Competition policy aims at perpetuating freedom of trade, freedom of choice and access to markets. Competition law is a component of competition policy prohibiting firms from engaging in anti-competitive behavior and abuse of dominant market position. The ultimate objective of economic regulation and competition policy is to protect the consumer through control of monopoly behavior on the part of producers. Tanzania has enacted three laws to govern competition and regulation of economic activity: the Fair Trade Practices Act of 1994; the Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Act (EWURA) of 2001 and the Surface and Marine Transport Regulatory Act (SUMATRA) of 2001. The SUMATRA Act also amends the Fair Trade Practices Act to establish the Fair Competition Commission (FCC) in place of the Fair Trade Practices Bureau. The mandate of these Acts is limited to the regulation of natural monopolies in the utilities and communications sectors and does not cover activities in the social and economic sectors. Strategy The Government is expediting the implementation of Competition law under the co-ordination of the FCC and related regulatory institutions and promotes consumer protection through broad-based public awareness on consumers rights and obligations. Human Skills Development Constraints and Challenges The concept of human capital as a major factor of production is increasingly assuming importance. The development of human capital from the perspective of developing economies entails focusing on four factors: basic nutrition, education, health and protection against economic vulnerability. The level of access to formal education and technical skills in leading sectors is the determinant factor in human skills development. A relatively high level of education to a large segment of the population and good training in the different aspects of the economic environment and the trade development function are the prerequisites for a successful trade regime. The experience of the Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs) shows that the process of economic transformation was underlined by quality universal primary education, enrolment ratios higher than 25 per cent in secondary education and an average of 10 per cent enrolment ratio in tertiary and university education. Data for Tanzania indicates the magnitude of the task involved in the education sector in terms of raising the scope and outreach of secondary and university education to levels necessary for the realization of the goals of Vision 2025. For instance, at 6% the ratio of secondary school enrolment is the lowest in SSA. Performance in skills development and extension services has also remained below expectations and requirements with respect to production practices in key sectors particularly agriculture, tourism and small-scale mining. The level of skills is relatively low compared to other regional economies due to low enrolment ratios in formal education at the secondary and tertiary levels and curtailed training in production and value-adding activities for workers in key economic sectors. The pace of economic transformation in Tanzania depends on the rate at which society can absorb and assimilate modern production skills and technologies in areas where the nation has advantages in resource endowments. The importance of education and skills is crucial to the perception of technology as they encompassing better production and delivery techniques and practices rather than mechanization. At the sametime the legal framework prevailing in the labour sector contributes to the pace of development of an adequate pool of skilled labour. Existing labour laws retain the tendencies of a command economy characterized by lack of flexibility in hiring practices and over-protection of employees, and limited linkage between performance and remuneration. The daunting task of expansion of the outreach of the education sector in Tanzania is highly constrained by the implications of demographic features including the concept of demographic transition and the incidence of HIV/AIDs. Demographic transition refers to the rate of change of the rates of birth and death. The essence of the concept is that developing countries experience rapid population growth and changes in its dependency ratio. While the death rate has been declining, the rate of birth has been rising resulting in the increase in the dependency ratio. HIV/AIDS has become a major health problem as well as a serious impediment to socio-economic development through its impact in the reduction of the active labour force, in particular the human capital that underpins economic transformation, higher productivity and competitiveness. Strategies Education: With respect to education, the Government had planned to raise primary education enrolment ratio to 85% by the end of 2002 and increase the rate of transition from primary to secondary education from 15% prevailing since 1998 to 20% by 2003. Emphasis had been placed on training in business education and entrepreneurship at various levels of the education system. This thrust and tempo will be maintained in the medium and long term as a strategy to bridge the gap in the outreach of the national education system. Training: With regard to skills development and production techniques top priority will be accorded to extension services for agronomic and animal husbandry practices in agriculture where the highest potential for growth based on wide linkages across sectors prevail. This will include promotion of irrigation based on traditional and modern practices and mechanized farming as far as possible. The Government will also initiate measures to introduce better packaging and delivery practices in direct response to market expectations and demands. The Government will take measures to contribute to market linkage programmes that aim at stimulating trade development through product and market diversification based on introduction of new product and new processes for value-adding activities. Labour laws: The Government is reviewing prevailing labour laws and regulations to induce the evolution of labour practices that conform to market practices that link merit, efficiency and productivity to rewards and flexibility in employment to reflect the principles of free entry and exit into industry. Labour law reforms will adhere to obligations from the International Labour Organisation. The Government will implement social sector policies aimed at the development of human capital through creation of a large pool of trained and trainable labour force as the base of structural transformation of the economy. HIV/AIDS: The government will implement a broad-based strategy of raising awareness on the scourge of HIV/AIDS and the incidence of demographic transition and encourage change in social behavioral patterns. Towards this end, emphasis will be placed on the instruments of moral persuasion and social responsibility based on accountability and self-determination rather than laxity and social permissiveness as the key to stimulating change in cultural patterns, attitudes and habits. Finally increasing accessibility to income generating activities for socially vulnerable groups will be one of the pillars to address the problem. Private Sector Development: The private sector is now formally recognized and accepted as the producer of goods and lead provider of services for the domestic and export markets and consequently the leading employer and primary vehicle for poverty eradication. The thrust of socio-economic reforms undertaken since 1995 highlights the determination to build a vibrant private sector for this purpose. Strategy The Government is developing a Private Sector Development Strategy (PSDS) to ensure broad-based and inclusive participation in production and trade and will expedite its adoption and implementation. The strategy entails the establishment of an enabling business environment through better regulation; increased private sector access to capital including titled-land, education, skills and entrepreneurship as well as provision of business support services in management, production and marketing. Institutional Capacity Building Institutional capacity building amongst the key public and private sector stakeholders in the trade policy process is the key to successful implementation. Performance in public institutions, including the Ministry of Industry and Trade (MIT) and its supporting agencies, and in business sector associations that serve the private sector, such as the Tanzania Private Sector Foundation (TPSF), Confederation of Tanzania Industry (CTI) and Tanzania Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture (TCCIA), reflects major cultural and operational weaknesses, often associated with the mind-set. These include lack of proactive initiative in identifying and addressing problems, low analytical capacity, low commitment to work and poor co-ordination. There is evidence of lack of appropriate experience to amend or repeal obsolete laws and make better and simpler regulations to facilitate enforcement on the part of the public sector, and lack of analytical capacity to advocate for requisite change on the part of the private sector. Strategy The Government will undertake capacity building needs assessment to identify institutional complementarities and gaps. Priority will be accorded to private sector capacity for analysis and advocacy in influencing policy formulation and implementation. Twinning of indigenous institutions with overseas counterparts will be explored and utilized to facilitate rapid movement along the learning curve. Transformation of Production Capacity Agriculture remains the backbone of the Tanzanian economy with over 80 per cent of the population dependent on this sector. It remains a source of employment to 75 per cent of the population, contributing 50 per cent to GDP and about 70 per cent of export earnings. Leaving the economy dependent on traditional agriculture, which in turn is dependent on the whims of nature and fluctuating terms of trade, makes the path of development unstable and unpredictable. Success of this trade strategy in the context of the goal of Vision 2025 depends on strategies for the transformation of agriculture. The revival of the agricultural sector is constrained by lack of support to facilitate technology diffusion for modern agronomic practices to raise productivity and slow response by foreign investment culminating in stagnation in the development of the private sector and agribusiness. Specific constraints include: limited access to extension services, inputs and credit facilities necessary to stimulate product diversification; weak market linkages due to poor infrastructure; and lack of market knowledge and information necessary to facilitate market diversification. There is need to modernize production practices in the designated lead sectors of mining and tourism and other priority sectors such as industry and transit trade. Such modernization depends on application of modern technology on the national resource base. Enhancing competitive value-adding capacity in these sectors is the key to transformation of economic activity. Strategy The Government will prioritise measures for agricultural transformation through implementing the Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) of 2001. One priority aspect is to ensure a net-inflow of resources into the sector to facilitate transformation of production technologies through wider research and dissemination of research results and better extension services. The government will also encourage investments in commercial farming and agro-processing industries as growth poles of the sector through out-grower and contract farming schemes and other market linkage relationships. Other measures include the promotion of industrialization through investment in Export Processing Zones (EPZs) and Industrial Parks. The Government will also encourage the channelling of investment resources to non-traditional sectors, in particular